John Locke

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According to John Eidsmoe, the US Constitution was heavily influenced by Christianity. That is the thesis of his book Christianity and the Constitution. Published in 1987 by Baker House, the book is 415 pages in length.

The book leads off with a survey of various philosophical schools popular in the 18th Century, not least of which was Calvinism. Mr. Eidsmoe states that a majority of Americans were Calvinist, but fails to demonstrate its influence on the Founders.

The book deals briefly with "John Locke's social contract theory," which is said to be the "secular expression" of the covenant. Mr. Eidsmoe equates the two, a usual tactic of Christian Federalists to explain away the obvious secularism of the US Constitution.

For example, he glosses over Locke's humanism with the assertion that he was "a Puritan by background" who "based his political theories on Rutherford's Lex Rex." Thus he excuses Locke's humanism and Latitudinarianism to arrive at an very tenuous conclusion. John Locke was a Puritan prodigal, not a faithful son.

Mr. Eidsmoe's repeated confusion of social contract theory and Bible covenant is his biggest problem. He naively mistakes the preamble of the US Constitution as a commitment to Bible covenantalism, instead of the godless social contract which it is. This confusion is typical of Christian Constitutionalists, who frequently equate the Constitution and the Word of God.

Another chapter looks at aspects of 18th Century Puritanism such as optimistic eschatology and the application of Biblical law to all of life. The author wants his reader to draw the conclusion that these were incorporated into the US Constitution. But this does not follow. The first Great Awakening of 1742 is described as a revival of Puritanism. This tenuous conclusion supports the non sequitor that Puritanism was built into the US Constitution of 1787.

Several aberrant philosophies of the time are also discussed, including Freemasonry and Deism. Freemasonry is introduced and then waved off as an innocent social club, useful for political and business networking. Mr. Eidsmoe simply ignores the anti-Christian oaths integral to Freemasonry.

It is hard to summarize all the problems in the chapter on "Law and Government". For one thing, Mr. Eidsmoe presents Montesquieu as a champion of Biblical law. In reality Montesquieu took the Bible as but one among many authorities, with all subject to natural law.

Likewise Blackstone's Common Law is presented as a compendium of Biblical law par excellence. The fact of the matter was it had morphed into a barnacle- laiden anachronism by the 1750s. For example, some 200 mostly petty crimes carried the death penalty. Most juries refused to enforce it because it was so obviously unjust.

In reality Blackstone rarely even mentioned the Bible in his Commentaries. We assume Mr. Eidsmoe has read Blackstone, so he should be aware of that.

Returning to Locke, Mr. Eidsmoe justifies his humanism and "blank slate" theory of the mind, which denies original sin. Again he draws the faulty conclusion that Locke's "social compact theory is similar to the Calvinist idea of covenant." This is a misleading statement because the two ideas are diametrically opposed. They represent the authority of man versus the authority of God.

All of these misperceptions color the religious biographies of the founders which comprise most of the book. For example, of John Witherspoon he notes that "He devoted his life to instilling the principles of Holy Scripture into the minds and souls of young men who then used these principles to shape America."

It is difficult to see how anyone who has read Witherspoon's class notes for his moral philosophy class could draw such a conclusion. Moral philosophy was the culminating class of the curriculum that Witherspoon taught personally to all the graduating seniors at the College of New Jersey. They are an exposition of natural law and secular social contract theory, with very little reference to Holy Scripture.

Typical of Christian apologists for the US Constitution Mr. Eidsmoe spends a good deal of time arguing that the Founding Fathers were all solid Christians. The usual assumption is that if we can prove the founders were Christian, the document they gave us must of necessity be Christian. But this is a non-sequitor. Space does not permit us to say all that could be said of these biographies.

At the end, Mr. Eidsmoe lists all of the alleged biblical principles he has found in the US Constitution. But most of what he cites is Enlightenment theory of the natural rights of man, egalitarianism, and natural law. The "consent of the governed" is the source of governing authority rather than God.

Mr. Eismoe is correct in concluding that knowledge of the sinfulness of man prompted the Constitution's limited, delegated powers. This is the one point at which the Founders got it right, and we have Witherspoon to thank for that. But overall the complexities of this book should limit its use to the advanced student who is well-versed in the issues involved.

For more information about the anti-Christian features of the U.S. Constitution visit http://www.america-betrayed-1787.com Dennis Woods is webmaster [http://www.america-betrayed-1787.com/iconoclast.html] and also a political pollster and fundraiser in Oregon. Copyright: you may freely republish this article, provided the text, author credit, the active links and this copyright notice remain intact."

The Tenth Amendment, Federalism and John Locke

The Tenth amendment

According to the tenth amendment, which is part of the bill of rights: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."  This amendment follows Jefferson's "state authorities" doctrine, and it grants the states the power to control rights like freedom of religion and press. Jefferson acknowledged the limitations of the central government, and believed that local economy is better. The tenth amendment conflicts with the elastic clause, but these ideologies compromised and today the supreme court role is to interpret them.   

Federalism

The historic political conflict in the United States from 1787-1861 between the north, that supported a federal government, and the south that supported a more limited government. 

The United States Constitution established a new form of government, in which power is divided between a central government and the government of each state. The United States is a federation of independent states, and every part of the government – the president (executive branch), the congress (the legislature) and the supreme court (judicial body) – has a role balanced by the others. The power centers that influence the national, state and local life are distributed in such a way that the individual has enough power in society that no part has an ultimate authority. The state's right to act depends on the agreement of many individuals.       

John Locke (1632-1704)

Locke was an English scientist and philosopher who was involved in the conflict between the crown and the parliament. For a few years he was forced to leave England and fled to Holland. After returning to England, he proceeded with his political activities. Locke's ideas in "Second Tract of Government"  include four main doctrines: doctrine of natural law, doctrine of natural rights, doctrine of the people's sovereignty and the right to rebel. His political views were that a natural state based on a social contract should be managed in the spirit of natural rights – all people were equal and independent. Locke believed that protecting property is a main goal of the governor. He also advocated governmental checks and balances and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some circumstances.

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How did John Locke influence the enlightenment?

John Locke was a great philosopher and part of the enlightenment. He influenced England and the United States. How did he influence other countries or the enlightenment in general?

Basically most of Locke's writings on social contract with the government is stressed and that if the government is acting unjustly then it is the duty of the people to rise up and over throw that government.

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